High-risk activities and highly-competitive endeavors commonly transpire in complex settings where the consequences of losing are potentially catastrophic.  Leaders and personnel commonly function in a time-competitive and resource constrained competitive environment where uncertainty, friction and risk (physical and emotional) are pervasive.  Leaders in public safety, the military, sport and private industry have made great strides in advancing their understanding of the technical and physical sciences as they relate to performance but have devoted less attention to the scientific and philosophical disciplines that inform leaders on human behavior in high-risk endeavors.  In many instances and despite the best of intentions, leaders in high-risk and highly-competitive industries often seek to address performance and safety discrepancies with solutions that are not human performance based.